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Scaling Ethereum & crypto for a billion users
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A guide to the multi-chain future, sidechains, and layer-2 solutions

Around the Block from Coinbase Ventures sheds light on key trends in crypto. Written by Justin Mart & Connor Dempsey.

As of late 2021, Ethereum has grown to support thousands of applications from decentralized finance, NFTs, gaming and more. The entire network settles trillions of dollars in transactions annually, with over $170 billion locked on the platform.

But as the saying goes, more money, more problems. Ethereum’s decentralized design ends up limiting the amount of transactions it can process to just 15 per second. Since Ethereum’s popularity far exceeds 15 transactions per second, the result is long waits and fees as high as $200 per transaction. Ultimately, this prices out many users and limits the types of applications Ethereum can handle today.

If smart-contract based blockchains are to ever grow to support finance and Web 3 applications for billions of users, scaling solutions are needed. Thankfully, the cavalry is beginning to arrive, with many proposed solutions coming online recently.

In this edition of Around The Block, we explore the crypto world’s collective quest to scale.*

To compete or to complement?

The goal is to increase the number of transactions that openly accessible smart contract platforms can handle, while retaining sufficient decentralization. Remember, it would be trivial to scale smart contract platforms through a centralized solution managed by a single entity (Visa can handle 45,000 transactions per second), but then we’d be right back to where we started: a world owned by a handful of powerful centralized actors.

The approaches being taken to fix this problem come twofold: (1) build brand new networks competitive to Ethereum that can handle more activity, or (2) build complementary networks that can handle Ethereum’s excess capacity.

Broadly, they break out across a few categories:
- Layer 1 blockchains (competitive to Ethereum)
- Sidechains (somewhat complementary to Ethereum)
- Layer 2 networks (complementary to Ethereum)
While each differs in architecture and approach, the goal is the same: let users actually use the networks (eg, interact with DeFi, NFTs, etc) without paying exorbitant fees or experiencing long wait times.

Layer 1s

Ethereum is considered a layer 1 blockchain — an independent network that secures user funds and executes transactions all in one place. Want to swap 100 USDC for DAI using a DeFi application like Uniswap? Ethereum is where it all happens.

Competing layer 1s do everything Ethereum does, but in a brand new network, soup to nuts. They’re differentiated by new system designs that enable higher throughput, leading to lower transaction fees, but usually at the cost of increased centralization.

New layer 1s have come online in droves over the last 10 months, with the aggregate value on these networks rocketing from $0 to ~$75B over the same time period. This field is currently led by Solana, Avalanche, Terra, and Binance Smart Chain, each with growing ecosystems that have reached over $10 billion in value.

Leading non-ETH L1s by TVL

All layer 1s are in competition to attract both developers and users. Doing so without any of Ethereum’s tooling and infrastructure that make it easy to build and use applications, is difficult. To bridge this gap, many layer 1s employ a tactic called EVM compatibility.

EVM stands for the Ethereum Virtual Machine, and it’s essentially the brain that performs computation to make transactions happen. By making their networks compatible with the EVM, Ethereum developers can easily deploy their existing Ethereum applications to a new layer 1 by essentially copying and pasting their code. Users can also easily access EVM compatible layer 1s with their existing wallets, making it simple for them to migrate.

Take Binance Smart Chain (BSC) as an example. By launching an EVM compatible network and tweaking the consensus design to enable higher throughput and cheaper transactions, BSC saw usage explode last summer across dozens of DeFi applications all resembling popular Ethereum apps like Uniswap and Curve. Avalanche, Fantom, Tron, and Celo have also taken the same approach.

Conversely, Terra and Solana do not currently support EVM compatibility.

TVL of EVM compatible vs non-EVM compatible L1s

Interoperable Chains

In a slightly different layer 1 bucket are blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos and Polkadot. Rather than build new stand-alone blockchains, these projects built standards that let developers create application specific blockchains capable of talking to each other. This can allow, for example, tokens from a gaming blockchain to be used within applications built on a separate blockchain for social networking.

There is currently over $100B+ sitting on chains built using Cosmos’ standard that can eventually interoperate. Meanwhile, Polkadot recently reached a milestone that will similarly unite its ecosystem of blockchains.

In short, there’s now a diverse landscape of direct Ethereum competitors, with more on the way.

Sidechains

The distinction between sidechains and new layer 1s is admittedly a fuzzy one. Sidechains are very similar to EVM-compatible layer 1s, except that they’ve been purpose built to handle Ethereum’s excess capacity, rather than compete with Ethereum as a whole. These ecosystems are closely aligned with the Ethereum community and host Ethereum apps in a complementary fashion.

Axie Infinity’s Ronin sidechain is a prime example. Axie Infinity is an NFT game originally built on Ethereum. Since Ethereum fees made playing the game prohibitively expensive, the Ronin sidechain was built to allow users to move their NFTs and tokens from Ethereum to a low fee environment. This made the game affordable to more users, and preceded an explosion in the game’s popularity.

As of this writing, users have moved over $7.5B from Ethereum to Ronin to play Axie Infinity.

Polygon POS

Where sidechains like Ronin are application specific, others are suited for more general purpose applications. Right now, Polygon’s proof-of-stake (POS) sidechain is the industry leader with nearly $5B in value deployed over 100 DeFi and gaming applications including familiar names like Aave and Sushiswap, as well as a Uniswap clone called Quickswap.

Again, Polygon POS really doesn’t look that different from an EVM compatible layer-1. However, it’s been built as part of a framework to scale Ethereum rather than compete with it. The Polygon team sees a future where Ethereum remains the dominant blockchain for high value transactions and value storage, while everyday transactions move to Polygon’s lower-cost blockchains. (Polygon POS also maintains a special relationship with Ethereum through a process known as checkpointing).

With transaction fees of less than a penny, Polygon’s vision of the future looks plausible. And with the help of incentive programs, users have flocked to Polygon POS with daily transactions surpassing Ethereum (though spam transactions inflate this number).

Layer 2s (Rollups)

Layer 1s and sidechains both have a distinct challenge: securing their blockchains. To do so, they must pay a new cohort of miners or proof of stake validators to verify and secure transactions, usually in the form of inflation from a base token (e.g. Polygon’s $MATIC, Avalanche’s $AVAX).

However, this brings notable downsides:
- Having a base token naturally makes your ecosystem more competitive rather than complementary to Ethereum
- Validating and securing transactions is a complex and challenging task that your network is responsible for indefinitely
Wouldn’t it be nice if we could create scalable ecosystems that borrowed from Ethereum’s security? Enter layer 2 networks, and “rollups” in particular. In a nutshell, layer 2s are independent ecosystems that sit on top of Ethereum in such a way that relies on Ethereum for security.

Critically, this means that layer 2s do not need to have a native token — so not only are they more complementary to Ethereum, they are essentially part of Ethereum. The Ethereum roadmap even pays homage to this idea by signaling that Ethereum 2.0 will be “rollup centric.”

How rollups work

Layer 2s are commonly called rollups because they “rollup” or bundle transactions together and execute them in a new environment, before sending the updated transaction data back to Ethereum. Rather than have the Ethereum network process 1,000 Uniswap transactions individually (expensive!), the computation is offloaded on a layer 2 rollup before submitting the results back to Ethereum (cheap!).

However, when results are posted back to Ethereum, how does Ethereum know that the data is correct and valid? And how can Ethereum prevent anyone from posting incorrect information? These are critical questions that differentiate the two types of rollups: Optimistic rollups, and Zero Knowledge rollups (ZK rollups).

Optimistic Rollups

When submitting results back to Ethereum, optimistic rollups “optimistically” assume that they’re valid. In other words, they let the operators of the rollup post any data they want (including potentially incorrect / fraudulent data), and just assume it’s correct — an optimistic outlook no doubt! But there are ways to fight fraud. As a check and balance, there is a window of time after any withdrawal where anyone watching can call out fraud (remember blockchains are transparent, anyone can watch what’s happening). In the event that one of these watchers can mathematically prove that fraud occurred (by submitting a fraud proof), the rollup reverts any fraudulent transactions and penalizes the bad actor and rewards the watcher (a clever incentive system!).

The drawback is a brief delay when you move funds between the rollup and Ethereum, waiting to see if any watchers catch any fraud. In some cases this can be up to a week, but we expect these delays to come down over time.

The key point is that optimistic rollups are intrinsically tied to Ethereum and ready to help Ethereum scale today. Accordingly, we’ve seen strong nascent growth with many leading DeFi projects moving to the leading optimistic rollups — Arbitrum and Optimistic Ethereum.

Arbitrum & Optimistic Ethereum

Arbitrum (by Off-chain Labs) and Optimistic Ethereum (by Optimism) are the two main projects implementing optimistic rollups today. Notably, both are still in their early stages, with both companies maintaining levels of centralized control but with plans to decentralize over time.

It’s estimated that once mature, optimistic roll ups can offer anywhere from a 10–100x improvement in scalability. Even in their early days, DeFi applications on Arbitrum and Optimism have already accrued billions in network value.

Optimism is earlier in its adoption curve with over $300M in TVL deployed across 7 DeFi applications, most notably Uniswap, Synthetix, and 1inch.

Arbitrum is further along, with around $2.5B in TVL across 60+ applications including familiar DeFi protocols like Curve, Sushiswap, and Balancer.

Aribtrum has also been selected as Reddit’s scaling solution of choice for their long awaited efforts to tokenize community points for the social media platform’s 500 million monthly active users.

ZK Rollups

Where optimistic rollups assume the transactions are valid and leave room for others to prove fraud, ZK rollups do the work of actually proving to the Ethereum network that transactions are valid.

Along with the results of the bundled transactions, they submit what’s called a validity proof to an Ethereum smart contract. As the name suggests, validity proofs let the Ethereum network verify that the transactions are valid, making it impossible for the relayer to cheat the system. This eliminates the need for a fraud proof window, so moving funds between Ethereum and ZK-rollups is effectively instant.

While instant settlement and no withdrawal times sound great, ZK rollups are not without tradeoffs. First, generating validity proofs is computationally intensive, so you need high powered machines to make them work. Second, the complexity surrounding validity proofs makes it more difficult to support EVM compatibility, limiting the types of smart contracts that can be deployed to ZK-rollups. As such, optimistic rollups have been first to market and are more capable of addressing Ethereum’s scaling woes today, but ZK-rollups may become a better technical solution in the long run.

ZK Rollup Adoption

The ZK rollup landscape runs deep, with multiple teams and implementations in the works and in production. Some prominent players include Starkware, Matter Labs, Hermez, and Aztec. Today, ZK-rollups mainly support relatively simple applications such as payments or exchanges (owing to limitations on what types of applications ZK-rollups can support today). For example, derivatives exchange dYdX employs a ZK rollup solution from Starkware (StarkEx) to support nearly 5 million weekly transactions and $1B+ in TVL.

The real prize however, is ZK rollup solutions that are fully EVM compatible and thus capable of supporting popular general applications (like the full suite of DeFi apps) without the withdrawal delays of optimistic rollups. The main players in this realm are MatterLab’s zkSync 2.0, Starkware’s Starknet, Polygon Hermez’s zkEVM, and Polygon Miden, which are all currently working towards mainnet launch. (Aztec, meanwhile, is focused on applying zk proofs to privacy).

Many in the industry (Vitalik included) are looking at ZK rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 as the long term solution to scaling Ethereum, mainly stemming from their ability to fundamentally handle hundreds of thousands of transactions per second without compromising on security or decentralization.The upcoming rollouts of fully EVM compatible ZK rollups will be one of the key things to watch as the quest to scale Ethereum progresses.

A fragmenting world

In the long run, these scaling solutions are necessary if smart contract platforms are to scale to billions of users. In the near term, these solutions, however, may present significant challenges for users and crypto operators alike. Navigating from Ethereum to these networks requires using cross-chain bridges, which is complex for users and carries latent risk. For example, several cross-chain bridges have already been the target of $100+ million dollar exploits.

More importantly, the multi-chain world fragments composability and liquidity. Consider that Sushiswap is currently implemented on Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Avalanche, Polygon, and Arbitrum. Where Sushiswap’s liquidity was once concentrated on one network (Ethereum), it’s now spread across five different networks.

Ethereum applications have long benefited from composability — i.e. Sushiswap on Ethereum is plug-and-play with other Ethereum apps like Aave or Compound. As applications spread out to new networks, an application implemented on one layer 1/sidechain/layer 2 is no longer composable with apps implemented on another, limiting usability and creating challenges for users and developers.

An uncertain future

Will new layer 1s like Avalanche or Solana continue to grow to compete with Ethereum? Will blockchain ecosystems like Cosmos or Polkadot proliferate? Will sidechains continue to run in harmony with Ethereum, taking on its excess capacity? Or will rollups in conjunction with Ethereum 2.0 win out? No one can say for sure.

While the future is uncertain, everyone can take solace in the knowledge that there are so many smart teams dedicated to tackling the most challenging problems that open, permissionless networks face. Just as broadband ultimately helped the internet support a host of revolutionary applications like YouTube and Uber, we believe that we’ll eventually look at the winning scaling solutions in the same light.

* This post focuses on scaling smart-contract based blockchains. Bitcoin scaling is best saved for a future post.

Scaling Ethereum & crypto for a billion users was originally published in The Coinbase Blog on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

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November 23, 2021
What Are Cross-Chain Bridges and Why Do They Matter?
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While DeFi promises a world where people can transfer their money without the hassle and transaction fees of banks, anybody who has tried to convert ETH to BNB recently knows it’s not so simple.

Gas fees make cross-chain transactions very expensive, hindering the free flow of crypto assets.

So, it is not surprising that cross-chain bridges have grown at an unprecedented rate, a TVL increase of 89% MoM in October as DeFi transaction volume booms in the bull market.

However, did you know that cross-chain bridges solve other problems besides, what are essentially crypto transaction fees?

As multi-chain projects and interoperability become key components of the industry, DeFi investors need to understand how cross-chain bridges work.

DeFi TVL (since January 2021) Data source: Footprint Analytics

DeFi TVL Ranking by BlockChain (since Jan 2021) Data source: Footprint Analytics

This article will look into the nature of cross-chain bridges, specifically:
1. How does a cross-chain bridge work?
2. Cross-chain bridges’ market performance.
3. Problems addressed by cross-chain bridges.
4. Selecting a cross-chain bridge.
What Is a Cross-Chain Bridge?

A cross-chain bridge or a blockchain bridge enables the transfer of tokens, assets, smart contract instructions, or data between blockchains. Two chains may have different protocols, rules, and governance models, but a cross-chain bridge connects these disparate blockchains together by interoperating securely.

A cross-chain bridge allows users to:
- Deploy digital asset transactions fast and easy;
- Enjoy low operational difficulty;
- Take advantage of lower transfer fees on non-scalable blockchains;
- Implement dApps across multiple platforms.
Here is an example of how cross-chain assets are transferred with a bridge:

When a user needs to convert an asset such as an ERC20 A token on Ethernet into another asset such as BEP20 A token on the BSC chain via AnySwap, the ERC20 A will be locked on the source chain and then notify the bridge to generate the BEP20 A on the BSC chain before sending it to the user.

In this example, the entire operation of the cross-chain bridge takes about five to 20 minutes, with an approximate gas fee in the range of $10 to $20, depending on the pre-congestion conditions in Ethereum at the time.

Data source: anyswap.exchange

How Has Crosslink Bridge Performed Recently?

The market is currently dominated mostly by Layer 2 scale-out cross-chain bridges, which are mainly built on Ethereum for better interconnection and interoperability.

According to Footprint, the TVL of cross-chain bridges was $16.2 billion as of Oct. 26, which is an increase of over 72.25% in the last 30 days. The four largest cross-chain bridges namely, Avalanche Bridge, Polygon Bridge, Arbitrum Bridge and Fantom Anyswap Bridge, account for 95.61% of the entire cross-chain bridge, with its highest monthly increase of 401.23% last month.

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Data from the CoinTofu Cross-ChainBridge tool, reveal that these four cross-chain bridges have excellent user experience ratings.

TVL & share distribution across- chain bridges (since Apr 2021)
Data source: Footprint Analytics

Ethereum Bridges TVL Ranking & Change
Data source: Footprint Analytics

The above chart shows that Optimism has had the most active deposits from the beginning of September to yesterday, followed by Avalanche. Current transfer fees are as low as $0.25 (according to L2 Fees) and their transfer fees are variable, but with relatively small changes.

Ethereum Bridge Daily Unique Depositors (since June 2021)
Data source: Footprint Analytics

The main asset traded on cross-chain bridges is ETH (WETH), with total ETH lock-ups on the 15 cross-chain bridges valued at $6.882 billion as of Oct. 26. This represents approximately 42.6% of total lock-ups and the most used asset by investors, followed by WBTC and stablecoin USDC.

Asset Distribution- Tree Map
Data source: Footprint Analytics

What Problems Do Cross-Chain Bridges Address?

Cross-chain bridges create growth across chains (reflected by Fantom and Avalanche prices, which hit gains of 12% and 18%, respectively, in the first week of November) that offer disparate asset interoperability, which is a high level of security and a better asset rendition.

Without a bridge, investors have to go through different exchanges and incur larger fees instead.

Cross-chain bridges also address the following:
- Lower gas costs with increased transaction speeds;
- User assets can be freely interacted with for a high user experience;
- Improved productivity and usefulness of existing crypto assets;
- Higher security and better privacy.
The use of cross-chain bridges is appropriate in the following scenarios:
- Token transfers between Ethereum and a Layer 2 network, with assets interoperable across chains, such as faster and easier deposit of funds, withdrawal of assets and exit times to reduce operational complexity;
- High fees and use in times of Ethereum congestion;
- Thin assets supported by single chains and more assets supported by cross-chain bridges;
- Investors can use cross-chain bridges when investing in new chains to get to the head mine faster, but need to assess the full mechanics of the new chain and its security;
- Arbitrage trading across the DEX on Optimism, Arbitrum and Polygon, etc.
How to Choose the Right Cross-Chain Bridge

Consider the following criteria when selecting a cross-chain bridge:
- A stable TVL exceeding USD$1 billion with a sound cross-chain mechanism and a credible execution environment reflected by gradual changes instead of abrupt fluctuations. Verification method of cross-chain information and management method of cross-chain funds must be taken into account;
- Reasonable transfer costs (from USD$1 to USD$5) across the chain and interaction speeds with an estimated arrival time of 10 to 30 minutes;
- Security to ensure against hackers that take advantage of vulnerabilities.
In addition, there are also a number of aggregation tools that offer a one-stop cross-chain bridge solution, of which CoinTofu has a better overall experience in terms of reaching the cross-chain page with one click and displaying the advantages of supported cross-chain bridges, estimated arrival times, transaction fees and user experience ratings.

Data source:cointofu.com

Conclusion

With the development of the DeFi industry, cross-chain bridges have become more popular than traditional exchanges. They enable interoperability and mutual integration of blockchain applications to support project owners, various blockchains, and investors as well as address the problem of capital flow and lower transaction costs to users.

Maxine Smith, a crypto writer from Singapore and a DeFi data analyst with a focus on market trends and regulations.
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November 23, 2021
SocialFi Puts Agency Back in the Hands of Users | by Bit Media Buzz | Nov, 2021

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There are now over 100 million wallet addresses in the world, and the number of crypto and non-fungible token (NFT) enthusiasts keeps growing every day. The crypto community has economic power, interlinking relationships and seamless communication potential, but why doesn’t it have its own social media? A truly native crypto- and NFT-dedicated social media platform with a high density of fans has not yet been born.

For crypto markets to grow in size and participants, there needs to be increased trust. For those who aren’t crypto native, the landscape can be bewildering. There are also dangers from scammers and spammers. It’s hard to fully protect users from these bad actors, but one way is to create a venue where they can get accurate information and not get played — a dedicated public opinion forum and social media platform for crypto communities.

Furthermore, the current model of social media is inherently extractive. The platforms take their customers’ data and sell it on, while serving them increasingly intrusive advertising. As the saying goes: Users aren’t paying for social media; they are the product. This must change, and one way is through a fusion of social and finance (SocialFi), which puts the economics back in the hands of users.

SocialFi aims to deliver benefits and rewards to users through the financialization and tokenization of social influence. Monaco Planet is a next-generation SocialFi platform that successfully completed its first round of multi-million-dollar financing with Three Arrows Capital and IMO Ventures. It goes live on Nov. 28.

Monaco Planet attacks the problem of spammers and scammers by requiring login through wallets such as MetaMask. Because users can showcase their NFT collections on their personal profile page, their level of engagement and dedication identifies true influencers. Users who publish and show their own activities can follow verified key opinion leaders (KOL) throughout the community. The platform can also rank users by net worth and influence of their NFTs, fostering organic connections between KOLs and users.

By introducing the concept of write-to-earn, content creation itself serves as a form of mining. Active content creators and discussion participants on Monaco Planet continuously reap the benefits in the form of native tokens. Most native tokens will be distributed to users who generate content, creating a form of mining that is sustainable, inclusive and genuinely productive.

A true SocialFi platform belongs to its users. And as the vast majority of Monaco Planet’s native currency will be distributed to users as rewards for content creation, Monaco Planet functions as a true decentralized autonomous organization, governed by native token holders who can send in proposals and vote. As a SocialFi platform, the ownership and governance of Monaco Planet are determined by the users themselves. Moreover, holders of native tokens will enjoy the currency appreciation brought by the platform’s growing economic activity.

As early users of Monaco Planet’s SocialFi platform, NFT holders will be the initial beneficiaries of content mining. They will enjoy the first batch of airdrops and act as mining leads during the first month of invitation-only membership. NFT holders will have exclusive quotas and whitelists for participating in popular projects and the privilege of increased visibility of posts, broadcasting and building groups.

Monaco Planet’s SocialFi makes it clear: Influence you can trust is now a currency that can be minted.

You can learn more about Monaco Planet at monaconft.io, follow the project on Twitter and join the conversation on Discord.

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November 23, 2021
Meme Tokens: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly

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Some believe that 2021 will be the year of ‘dogs’ for cryptocurrency. Dogecoin (DOGE) and Shiba Inu (SHIB), the canine combo, lead the meme currency pack in terms of price and market value. DOGE has increased almost 8,000 percent since the beginning of the year and is ranked #9 by market value on CoinMarketCap as of November 2021. SHIB, its opponent, has pumped more than 60,000,000% since January.

Things move quickly in the meme coin world, as they do in most internet jokes because nobody cares about anything they read on social media for more than a few minutes. This means that coins must be generated quickly in order to be classified as a meme currency rather than simply another random coin. In this article, we will discuss Meme tokens, their good side, bad side and their future.

What Are Meme Coins?

Meme coins are cryptocurrencies that have garnered a lot of attention in a short period of time, mainly due to influencers and retail investors pushing them online. People are doing a debate on several meme coins like Safemoon vs Shiba Inu or Shib vs Doge etc.

Dogecoin is the first meme coin, having been developed in 2013 as a joke based on a meme. It gained popularity once Elon Musk began tweeting about it, and regular investors began purchasing it in droves.

Developers have launched a spate of joke currencies after Dogecoin since anybody can build a new cryptocurrency. Many of these currencies are Dogecoin spinoffs, such as Shiba Inu, but there are dozens of additional meme coins to choose from.

Dogecoin Overview

Dogecoin is crypto similar to Bitcoin and Ethereum, but it’s not the same as either of these prominent coins. Dogecoin was named after a once-popular meme and was founded, at least in part, as a lighthearted joke for

Meggie Nahatakyan

cryptocurrency aficionados. Despite its strange genesis story, Dogecoin has skyrocketed in popularity in 2021, becoming the sixth-largest cryptocurrency by market valuation as of writing.

Billy Marcus and Jackson Palmer, two software programmers, invented Dogecoin in late 2013. Palmer created the cryptocurrency’s logo by mistyping the term “doge” to represent a Shiba Inu dog, a popular joke at the time.

Shiba Inu Overview

Shiba Inu is an Ethereum-based altcoin (an alternative cryptocurrency to Bitcoin) using the Shiba Inu, a Japanese breed of hunting dog, as its symbol. Shiba Inu is widely regarded as a viable alternative to Dogecoin; in fact, Shiba Inu supporters refer to it as “the Dogecoin killer.”

Shiba Inu and Dogecoin are meme coins, which are cryptocurrencies connected with a theme, in the instance of Shiba Inu and Dogecoin, the Shiba Inu dog, but they’re more often made as a prank or inside joke than as a legitimate digital product. While Dogecoin was established in December 2013, Ryoshi, an unidentified individual or group, invented Shiba Inu in August 2020.

Cryptocurrency vs Meme Coins

Meme coins are a sort of cryptocurrency, however, there is one significant distinction between cryptocurrencies and meme coins, and that difference is mostly the aim.

Bitcoin and Ethereum, two major cryptocurrencies, were created to answer real-world issues. The ultimate objective is for it to be widely accepted by merchants, resulting in the creation of a new kind of decentralized currency that will revolutionize a range of sectors.

Meme coins, on the other hand, currently serve no real-world use, and the majority of them were established for profit. Many investors sell quickly once their prices rise in order to earn a rapid profit. Because meme coins now have no practical utility.

Meme Coins Good Sides

When Dogecoin originally appeared in 2013, it was thought to be a prank. No one imagined this coin could be anything other than a meme, even in their wildest imaginations. Doge is now worth $100,000 if you purchased it for $1,000 last year. Consider those who bought Dogecoin in 2013 because they thought it was a joke (or simply for fun).

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If you put more than $1,000 into it, you’ll get a better return. Doge has proven to be one of the most profitable cryptocurrencies in history, and it is still bringing money to individuals. This is not a coincidence. Nowadays, investors are pouring money into Meme currencies, with Shiba Inu being the most recent example, reaching an all-time high in November 2021.

Meme Coins Bad Ugly Sides

Meme coins may have experienced exponential growth in 2021, but trading and investing in meme coins, like other cryptocurrencies, entails significant financial risk.

Meme coin tokenomics might be worrisome. Bitcoin has a deflationary tendency, a blockchain, a well-written whitepaper, and an established ecosystem. In comparison to Bitcoin, most meme currencies are inflationary and have no limit on supply. The community’s collective humour frequently determines its ecology, use cases, and basics. Only a handful of meme coins have been created using major cryptocurrency technologies. DOGE, for example, got its technology from Litecoin (LTC), whereas SHIB was constructed on the Ethereum network.

As the meme coin market grows, you should be cautious that certain projects may try to take advantage of the enthusiasm to defraud traders. For example, in only one week, Squid Game (SQUID), a meme currency based on the famous Netflix program of the same name, increased by almost 86,000%. The development team, on the other hand, immediately rug-pulled, causing the price to collapse by 99%. Worse, holders have been barred from selling their SQUID tokens.

Meme Coin Future

It might be difficult to predict if a meme coin will be bullish or bearish. Meme currencies often lack a market value and a high circulating quantity, making them very inexpensive and easy to get. Because meme currencies are frequently inexpensive and easy to obtain, there are several other aspects to consider while predicting the future of any meme currency.

The growing popularity of meme tokens and dogecoins is being fueled in part by social media. Elon Musk is one of the market factors that has frequently been indirectly impacting the price fluctuations of DOGE and Floki Inu (FLOKI) via erratic Twitter updates.

Such an attitude might be immensely destructive to cryptocurrencies in the long term. This might reverse the industry’s overall trajectory toward pushing the financial world towards an even more gloomy future.

Nonetheless, new meme tokens and dog coins join the market on a daily basis, and regular investors tend to purchase them with the aim of replicating the profits made by DODGE and SHIB in the past. In fact, the excitement around dogecoins has developed to the point that it is apparently driving demand for genuine dogs.

Are They Worth the Investment?

Even the most experienced investors face ups and downs while investing in meme coins. However, by finding out and implementing the proper knowledge, one may limit the dangers while maximizing profits. There are thousands of meme currencies to choose from, and the vast majority of them are frauds. As a result, in order to compete in this market, you must be at your best.

The reality is that diamonds may be found amid stones; you simply have to know where to look and how to look. These particular meme coins have the potential to create 1000 for early investors.

Before investing in any meme currency, spend some time researching the token’s community to learn about the creators’ priorities. Do they have a long-term plan for community building and long-term growth? Are they more interested in raising the price and pressuring consumers to buy? The former is a positive thing, whilst the latter is a warning sign. Additionally, it would be helpful if you could find out whether the initiative has a whitepaper outlining its true goal and objective.

Final Thoughts

With new meme currencies hitting the market every day and traders seeking to emulate DOGE and SHIB’s earnings, it is crucial to DYOR before investing in any meme currency. Remember that meme coins are quite volatile compared to other digital currencies. Trading or investing in cryptocurrency is fraught with danger. Meme coins are heavily community-driven and may fall abruptly, so never invest money you can’t afford to lose.

Meggie Nahatakyan, Crypto Analyst at the Top Coins.

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November 22, 2021
How Litentry’s Innovative Crowdloan Program Gives DOT Holders A Chance To Maximize Their Rewards

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The crypto space is becoming more and more interoperable, developers in search of great adoption and success will need to embrace this trend. Amongst the ruling blockchains, Polkadot and its unique approach to governance and interoperability are quickly becoming the hub for the projects that could usher the future of the industry.

Unlike Ethereum, Cardano, and other blockchains, Polkadot leverages a distinctive mechanism that lets the community choose the projects that will occupy limited slots on the network. To participate in the auctions, projects need to gather enough funds.

Once the process is completed, winning projects will be deployed via parachains, independent networks that power the protocols. This process has already unleashed a fearful competition with many projects, such as Moonbeam, Bifrost, Astar Network, and Litentry going strong to take the lead.

Most of these projects offer a steady reward to gain community support and win the auction. Astar has introduced a 3-bonus level for its supporters with 5% of its native token ASTR locked as part of their Crowdloan.

On the other hand, Moonbeam offers uses a portion of a 30% Crowdloan pool, but investors must wait until the project deploys its compatibility with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Also, 70% of the rewards will be distributed in the 96 weeks leasing period for the slot.

Of the aforementioned projects, the Crowdloan launch by decentralized identity aggregation protocol Litentry offers a dynamic and versatile program with adaptive rewards, bonuses, and other opportunities for its supporters.

On top of that, participants will be able to stake their DOTs without extra requirements or complications. The Litentry Network will connect its parachain to the Polkadot relay chain. In doing so, it will provide users with more security and interoperability.

Already running on Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain with its own native token called LIT, giving it an advantage over similar projects trying to get a slot on Polkadot, the recently launch Crowdloan strategies are a major step for the network.

The project has been listed on the leading crypto exchange Binance for a long time and has a strong liquidity base. Thus, investors have an additional layer of security and can rely on the legitimacy of the project.

The project has allocated 20% of LIT’s total supply or 20,000,000 to incentivize users and reward its supporters to obtain a superior position and a higher chance to obtain a slot in the Polkadot auction. The program will be live from the first slot to the fifth auction and will remain active until Litentry secures a place on the network.

Litentry Offers The Best Rewards On The Polkadot Ecosystem

By allocating 20% of the LIT token total supply in the Crowdloan Program, Litentry offers DOT holders one of the best low-risk/high reward strategies to diversify their portfolio. In that way, investors will have an additional opportunity to profit other than staking their DOT.

In order to participate in the Crowdloan Program, investors need to lock 5 DOTs for the auction. This initial investment will be rewarded with a minimum of 2.5 LIT.

Later, final rewards will be estimated based on the contribution percentage of every user to the Crowdloan pool. In other words, one user’s DOT contribution will be divided by the total DOT contributions in the pool.

These rewards will be distributed when the Litentry parachain running on the Polkadot relay chain goes live. Each investor will receive their LIT rewards linearly in each block for the duration of the Slot leasing period: 96 weeks.

Even if the project fails to secure a slot, investors will still be compensated in the new Crowdloan campaign with additional LIT tokens until the program’s target is met. Compensations will reach an estimated 13% APY for a Crowdloan period of 5 weeks.

For early supporters, there will be a bonus of up to 10% if they support the campaign before November 18 or 5% if they participate by November 25. Also, users can earn extra rewards if they complete an identity-based task and support Litentry Network’s main use case. Users can also earn extra incentives through several of Litentry’s partners, including the SubDAO airdrop, a Binance warmup promotion, and an all-new partnership with Polkadot Name System that earns users who contribute more than 10 DOT with a free .dot domain name.

Although beneficial, Polkadot’s staking rewards have a much lower upside than betting on the growth of its ecosystem. A project such as Litentry network, with a high interoperable capacity and a use poised to see an increase in demand, as more people require an alternative to centralize data and identity systems.

Therefore, the Crowdloan Reward Program is a great chance for early investors to fully capture Litentry’s potential to become a top project on one of the most promising ecosystems in the space. At the same time, these investors will maintain their capacity to move between blockchains.

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November 22, 2021
BTC, AVAX, MATIC, EGLD, MANA
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Bitcoin (BTC) is witnessing a tough tussle near the $58,000 mark but that has not stopped select altcoins from hitting a new all-time high. This shows that traders are watching the fundamental developments on individual coins.

One of the recent top performing major altcoins has been Avalanche (AVAX), which has soared more than 120% in November. The coin caught traders’ attention leading up to the announcement by accounting firm Deloitte which plans to build its disaster relief platforms on the Avalanche blockchain.

Crypto market data daily view. Source: Coin360

In another step that shows growing crypto adoption, El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele announced the launch of Bitcoin city, which will be powered by geothermal energy and initially funded by $1 billion worth of Bitcoin bonds.

Could strong buying at lower levels boost Bitcoin above $60,000 and will altcoins participate in the recovery? Let’s study the charts of the top-5 cryptocurrencies that could attract traders’ attention in the short term.